Articles can come from many sources including:
They can be published in print, in a library database or on a website.
Some sources, such as websites, may not have the full information to create a citation. APA has guidelines for dealing with missing components of a citation, both in-text and reference entry.
Author, A.A. etc = Author's Last Name, First Name Initial. Middle Name Initial.
Reference page citation:
1. DOI:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article if available. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxxxx |
Bailey, N. W. (2012). Evolutionary models of extended phenotypes.Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27(3), 561-569. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.tree.2012.05.011
2. No DOI, Article from an Academic Research Database or Print Version:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. |
Carlisle, D. (2012). In the line of fire. Nursing Standard, 26(39), 18-19.
3. No DOI, Newspaper Article from an Academic Research Database or Print Version:
Author, A. A. (Year), Month Day). Title of article. Title of newspaper. |
Goldman, C. (2018, November 28). The complicated calibration of love, especially in adoption. Chicago Tribune.
In-Text:
Paraphrase: (Bailey, 2012)
Quote: (Bailey, 2012, p. 70)
Reference page citation
Article from a print Magazine or Periodical:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. |
Jungers, W. L. (2010). Biomechanics: Barefoot running strikes back. Nature, 463(2), 433-434.
Newspaper Article, Print:
Author, A. A. (Year), Month Day). Title of article. Title of newspaper. |
Goldman, C. (2018, November 28). The complicated calibration of love, especially in adoption. Chicago Tribune.
In-Text:
Paraphrase: (Jungers, 2010)
Quote: (Jungers, 2010, p. 7)
Reference page citation:
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. http://url of article |
Flachs, A. (2010). Food for thought: The social impact of community gardens in the Greater Cleveland Area. Electronic Green Journal, 1(30). http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6bh7j4z4
In-Text:
Paraphrase: (Flachs, 2010)
Quote: (Flachs, 2010, p. 15)
Reference page citation:
1. DOI:
Author, A. A., & Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxxxx |
Barker, B. B., & Van Burness, N. W. (2019). College student experiences on campus: peer influence on behaviours.Trends in Higher Education, 114(6), 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.06.081
2. No DOI:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. |
Bogan, E. B, & Paun, E. G. (2011). The assimilation of immigrants into the British labor market. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 3(2), 272.
In-Text:
Paraphrase: (Barker & Van Burness, 2019)
Quote: (Barker & Van Burness, 2019, p.18)
Reference page citation:
Author, A. A., & Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. |
Fulsom, B. W., & Torrent, S. G. (2018). Hand sanitation in the health field: transference of bacteria amongst patients . Nursing in Practice, 3(1), 116.
In-Text:
Paraphrase: (Fulsom & Torrent, 2018)
Quote: (Fulsom & Torrent, 2018, p. 116)
Reference page citation:
Author, A. A., Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. http:// url of website |
Lindstrome, J. E., & Devon, l. T. (2016). Compassion in the workplace: pushing past competition towards collaboration. Journal of Effective Workplace Sciences, 15(6), 130-142. http://www.workplacesciences.org/volume007/issue15/6.Compassion%workplace.pdf
In-Text:
Paraphrase: (Lindstrome & Devon, 2016)
Quote: (Lindstrome & Devon, 2016, p. 138)
Rule:
Provide surnames and initials for up to and including 20 authors, use an ampersand "&" before the final author's name.
Reference page citation:
1. DOI:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., & Author, D. D. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. https://doi.org/xxxxxxxxxxx |
Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2009). College students' social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 3(2), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.12.010t
2. No DOI:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., & Author, D. D. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. |
Bogan, E., Cambridge, A. S., & Paun, E. (2011). The assimilation of immigrants into the British labor market. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 3(2), 272.
In-Text: See
Reference page citation:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., & Author, D. D. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. |
Falls, S. W., Neal, R. B., & Torres, S. (2008). Doing it better: Cap off to this sewing project. Nursing, 38(5), 17.
In-Text: See In-Text Citations Multiple Authors
Reference page citation:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., & Author, D. D. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. http:// url of website |
Davidson, J. E., Burnell, L., Devin, L. R., Rochon, R.,B. VanWyk, C., & Virgen, M. A. (2012). Poetric transcription to explore the concept of caring. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 5(6), 120-128. http://www.caringsciences.org/volume005/issue2/7.Poetic%20Caring.pdf
In-Text: See In-Text Citations Multiple Authors
Rule:
Provide surnames and initials for the first 19 authors' names then insert an ellipsis (...), and then add the final author's name. Do not include an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
Reference page citation:
1. DOI:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., . . . Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. https://doi.org/xx-xxxxxxx |
Grand, T. P., Jessop, G. J., Dupret, S. J., Healey, A. M., Leahy, L. T., Levine, P. A., Anderson, P. Q., Williamson, S. A., Duff, M. S., Hayes, S. S., Belfry, M. M., O'Connell, L. B., Dupuis, L. A., Weeks, V. M., Guzzo, D. K., Blais, S. A., Morberg, E. A., Ingram, A. L., Stewart, J. T., . . . Greene, A. M. (2018). Facing the enemy within: Depression after childbirth. Journal of Women's Psychology, 5(7), 222-255. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.womenpsych.2018.12.010t
2. No DOI:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., . . . Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. |
Nilsson, J., Johansson, E.-J., Carlsson, M. D. Jr., Florin, J. C., Leksell, J. P., Lepp, M. T., Adams, Z. L., Starke, T. L., Banff-Lee, S.V., Vicory, C. E., Paulson, P. A., Donaldson, B. T., Vu, L. A., Henkee, T. P. , Norton, J. K., Pond, W. F., Freeman, C. T., Eaves, W. S., Darwin, H. V., . . . Gardulf, A. D. (2016). Disaster nursing: Self-reported competence of nursing students and registered nurses, with focus on their readiness to manage violence, serious events and disasters. Nurse Education In Practice, 17, 102-108.
In-Text: See In-Text Citations Multiple Authors
Rule:
Provide surnames and initials for the first 19 authors' names then insert an ellipsis (...), and then add the final author's name. Do not include an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
Reference page citation:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., . . . Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. |
Matheson, A. P., Manser, R. D., Phillips, T. J., Assan, A. M., Shatner, W. J., Davies, J. W., Wozniak, G. P., Shroedinger, C. M., Wheaton, W. Jr., Jones, E. J. Jr., Forde, K. J., Bates, C. S., Gates, W. T., Fineman, Z. J., Hamilton, S. K., Dougall, B. C., Tribole, G. F., Kuthrapaule, A. T., Cooper, S. A., . . . Wallowitz, J. M. (2018). Big bang theory and the dark hole: does it exist? Phyics Today, 38(5), 17.
In-Text: See In-Text Citations Multiple Authors
Rule:
Provide surnames and initials for the first 19 authors' names then insert an ellipsis (...), and then add the final author's name. Do not include an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.
Reference page citation:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., . . . Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. http:// url of website |
Pinter, R. P., Pembroke, T. A., Calvin, H. P., Hays, J. D., Johnson, A. J., Anderson, C. M., Keystone, C. V., Hoffsteader, L. A., Flatts, S. H., Van Dyckk, S. O., Bailey, N. W., Adams, B. R., Devine, S. T., Donchev, R. A., Morkin, D. T., Hele, P. N., Pinchez, F. H., Sole, F. M., Crampe, T. C., . . . Farafowler, A. T. (2017). Violence in television dramas: gun usage in the Americas. British Journal of Media Studies, 5(6), 120-128. http://www.bjmediastudies.org/volume25/issue12/American gun violence%30television.pdf
In-Text: See In-Text Citations Multiple Authors
Rule:
For Reference List Entry:
For In-Text citations:
Reference page citation:
1. Author Unknown
Title of article. (Year). Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. Retrieved from library database or include the doi. |
Lines crossed, bridges burned: current government decision making. (2019). MacLeans, 26(12), 18-19. Retrieved from CBCA database.
In-Text:
Paraphrase: ("Lines crossed", 2019)
Quote: ("Lines crossed", 2019, p. 19)
2. Anonymous Author
Anonymous. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxx |
Anonymous. (2015). Ford government's obsession with recreational drugs and alcohol destroying Ontario's reputation. Ontario for all, 22(1), 8. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.
In-Text:
Paraphrase: (Anonymous, 2015)
Quote: (Anonymous, 2015, p. 8)
Rule:
In the Reference list entry use the DOI if provided, otherwise, include the library database.
In-text citations require the use of quotation marks around the article title. You can shorten the title for the in-text citation.
1. No Author *Articles that appear to have no author typically has a Corporate Author. *
Reference page citation:
Title of article. (Year). Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. |
Outsmart your cravings. (2008, January 30). Prevention, 160(1), 45.
In-Text:
Paraphrase: ("Outsmart", 2008)
Quote: ("Outsmart", 2008, p.45)
Rules:
In-text citations require the use of quotation marks around the article title. You can shorten the title for the in-text citation.
2. Anonymous Author *The work MUST be signed as Anonymous. *
Reference page citation:
Anonymous. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. |
Anonymous. (2018). Outsmarting the government is easier than you might think. Canadian Politics, 15(6), 33.
In-Text:
Paraphrase: (Anonymous, 2018)
Quote: (Anonymous, 2018, p.33)
Reference page citation:
Title of article. (Year). Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. Retrieved from url of website |
1. Author Unknown
Budget decision making in Ontario's government: lack of research leads to serious implications for have-not citizens. (2019). Retrieved February 12, 2019 from http://notforthepeople.com/budget_cuts.
In-Text:
Paraphrase: ("Budget decision making", 2019)
Quote: ("Budget decision making", 2019, para. 5)
Rules:
In-text citations require the use of quotation marks around the article title. You can shorten the title for the in-text citation.
2. Anonymous Author
Anonymous. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), page range. Retrieved from http:// url of website |
Anonymous. (2019). Cannabis and beer: Is Ontario open for business? Retrieved from torontostar.com/open_for_business.
In-Text:
Paraphrase: (Anonymous, 2019)
Quote: (Anonymous, 2019, para. 3)
When you are citing two different sources that share the same author and year of publication, assign lowercase letters after the year of publication (a, b, c, etc.). Assign these letters according to which title comes first alphabetically. Use these letters in both in-text citations and the Reference list.
Reference page citations:
Daristotle, J. (2015a). Name of first article. Made Up Journal, 26(39), 18-19. Retrieved from Pretend Library database.
Daristotle, J. (2015b). Title of second article: typically the content is similar in context. Another Made Up Journal, 35(1), 48-55. Retrieved from Another Pretend Library database.
In-Text:
Paraphrasing content from first source by this author (Daristotle, 2015a). "Now I am quoting from the second source by the same author" (Daristotle, 2015b, p. 50).
Paraphrase citation: | (Laurel & Hardy, 2000) |
Quote citation: | (Laurel & Hardy, 2000, p. 55) |
Narrative citation: |
Laurel and Hardy (2000) studied differing forms of comedy before formalizing slapstick comedy as their performance style. |
Paraphrase citation: | (Microsoft, 2020) |
Quote citation: | (Microsoft, 2020, para. 8) |
Narrative citation: | Microsoft (2020), like many large corporations, has a corporate responsibility policy that claims it is committed to giving back to Canadians. |
Corporate Author with a known abbreviation:
If the organization is often referred by an abbreviation, use the following style:
Paraphrase citation: |
1st Citation: (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health [CAMH], 2019) Subsequent Citations: (CAMH, 2019) |
Quote citation: |
1st Citation: (Centre for Addiction and Mental Health [CAMH], 2019, para. 8) Subsequent Citations: (CAMH, 2019, para. 8) |
Narrative citation: |
1st Citation: The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH, 2019) provides mental health services for patients found to be criminally insane and not fit for trial. Subsequent Citations: CAMH (2019) has responded to the large news coverage of recent patients who have left their care without authorization. |
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